Marketing是经贸英语中最常见的词汇之一。在外贸职员的名片上大家也常常看到marketing1 department和 marketing plan等词汇。它们一般被译成销售部和销售计划。在外贸函电和外贸英语教科书中,marketing常被译为销售。笔者觉得这种译法不够确切。这除去有语言方面是什么原因外,还涉及到中外营运管理体制的不同。
大家可以先从market作动词的意思谈起。当market作及物动词时,意思是to carry on all activities by which transfer of title or possession of a product from seller to buyer is effected; 或者是to introduce a product on the market(n.市场)。这种含义的market及其派生marketing的意思与sell和sale相近,可译为销售,如:
The exporter wishes to market his goods in a foreign country through instrumentality of an independent agent. 那个出口商想要靠一位独立代理人在海外销售其货物。
The joint2 venture insisted on their cooperative marketing the new computers. 这家合资企业坚持它们合作销售新计算机。
当market作不及物动词时,它与trade含义相同,表示在市场上进行交易活动,它派生的marketing只能译为(市场上的)买卖,交易,而不是单一的销售。比如:do our evening marketing(到夜市上去买(卖)东西);an international marketing company(一家国际贸易公司)。
Marketing 作为经贸术语,《Americana 百科全书》的讲解是:Marketing is defined as 'the performance of business activities directed towards, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to customer or user'. Marketing, therefore, is made up on one hand of physical activities such as transporting, storing, and selling goods, and on the other hand of a series of decisions which must be reached by any organization undertaking3 any part of the process of moving goods from the producer to the user.
由此可知marketing一词的意思非常广,它主如果指提供商品和服务来满足买家的需要。具体包含:市场调查、开发商品、拟定销售政策、规定合理价格、改进销售办法、发展销售途径、调节商品贮运、培训业务职员、改进售后服务、公共关系和广告业务等等。所以不可以狭隘地把marketing理解成selling或sale,事实上后者只是marketing的一部分。
比如: Marketing of a product does not only mean selling, but going to the market,
visiting our customers... 营销推广商品不仅意味着供应,而且还要亲临市场,拜访顾客
汉译时需要依据具体的语言环境译成营销推广、行销(学)、市场学和销售学等等。
至于本文开头提到的marketing department到底如何翻译,笔者觉得先要知道中外经贸机构的设置状况。60年代末,西方工业因为广泛使用电子技术而出现了一个质变性的飞跃,经济进步空前飞速,市场角逐日趋激烈。为了提升角逐能力,这类国家的企业、公司愈加感到进步与营销推广商品有关的每个业务环节的综合用途的重要程度。很多公司扩大了原来的sales department的业务范围,并把它改为marketing department。这是西方企业销售营运管理体制改革中的一项要紧内容。英国广播公司(BBC)出版的《商业英语》一书在讲解marketing department时指出: In many firms now, the sales department, advertising4 department, public relations and so on are combined into one department, called marketing. 其业务范围等于国内现行外贸机制中各外贸进出口企业的出口处、商情处、外事组等部门。
因此笔者觉得在翻译来自海外的函电或资料时,把marketing department译为市场发展部、营销推广部更为确切些。而国内外贸公司设立的单纯销售部门的英译一般用sales department。 在国内的产、供、销合一的企业管理体制下,销是对应产而言,和marketing所指的营销推广或销售定义也有肯定有什么区别。